It is important to note that the transaction isolation level does not affect a transaction's ability to see its own changes transactions can always see any changes they make. The transaction releases its lock when it is committed or rolled back. Because other transactions cannot insert any rows in the range, the current transaction avoids any phantoms.
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Because other transactions cannot update or delete the rows in the range, the current transaction avoids any nonrepeatable reads.
If the transaction includes the SQL statement DELETE FROM Orders WHERE Status = 'CLOSED', the range is all rows with a Status of "CLOSED" the transaction write-locks all rows in the Orders table with a Status of "CLOSED" and does not allow any rows to be inserted or updated such that the resulting row has a Status of "CLOSED". For example, if the transaction includes the SQL statement SELECT * FROM Orders, the range is the entire Orders table the transaction read-locks the table and does not allow any new rows to be inserted into it. The transaction holds a read lock (if it only reads rows) or write lock (if it can update or delete rows) on the range of rows it affects. The transaction waits until rows write-locked by other transactions are unlocked this prevents it from reading any "dirty" data. The transaction releases its locks when it is committed or rolled back. Because other transactions cannot update or delete these rows, the current transaction avoids any nonrepeatable reads. If the transaction includes the SQL statement DELETE FROM Orders WHERE Status = 'CLOSED', the transaction write-locks rows as it deletes them. For example, if the transaction includes the SQL statement SELECT * FROM Orders, the transaction read-locks rows as the application fetches them. The transaction holds read locks on all rows it returns to the application and write locks on all rows it inserts, updates, or deletes. It holds write locks until it is committed or rolled back. The transaction releases read locks when it moves off the current row. The transaction holds a read lock (if it only reads the row) or write lock (if it updates or deletes the row) on the current row to prevent other transactions from updating or deleting it. So that they do not adversely affect other transactions, transactions running at the Read Uncommitted level are usually read-only. If the DBMS supports other transaction isolation levels, it ignores whatever mechanism it uses to implement those levels. Transactions are not isolated from each other. In particular, ODBC does not prescribe how particular DBMSs isolate transactions from each other. These examples are provided for illustration purposes only. Most DBMSs use more complex schemes than these to increase concurrency. The following table describes simple ways that a DBMS might implement the transaction isolation levels. In the following table, an "X" marks each phenomenon that can occur. The four transaction isolation levels (as defined by SQL-92) are defined in terms of these phenomena. If transaction 1 reexecutes the statement that reads the rows, it gets a different set of rows.
Transaction 2 generates a new row (through either an update or an insert) that matches the search criteria for transaction 1. For example, suppose transaction 1 reads a set of rows that satisfy some search criteria.
Phantoms A phantom is a row that matches the search criteria but is not initially seen. If transaction 1 rereads the row, it retrieves different row values or discovers that the row has been deleted.
Transaction 2 updates or deletes that row and commits the update or delete. For example, suppose transaction 1 reads a row. Nonrepeatable Reads A nonrepeatable read occurs when a transaction reads the same row twice but gets different data each time. If transaction 1 rolls back the change, transaction 2 will have read data that is considered never to have existed. Transaction 2 reads the updated row before transaction 1 commits the update. For example, suppose transaction 1 updates a row. In particular, transaction isolation levels are defined by the presence or absence of the following phenomena:ĭirty Reads A dirty read occurs when a transaction reads data that has not yet been committed. Transaction isolation levels are a measure of the extent to which transaction isolation succeeds.